???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1200 ??? 2800 ????? ??????/ 20 ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? 1301 ???? ?? ????? - ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 3 ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? 15%-28%.

????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????

??? ??????? ??????.:: ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2024 - 1800-2,800 ????? ??????/??? (?? ?????? ??? ???????) ????? ?????? FCL 40HQ? ?45-75 ????? ??????/??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? LCL? ?3.8-5.5 ????? ??????/??? (?? ?????? ??? ?????????) ????? ?????? ?5,500-7,200 ????? ??????/??? 40HQ ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 18-22 ?????. 3.8 - 5.8 ????? ??????/???? ???? (?? ?????? ??? ?????????)? ?5500 - 7200 ????? ??????/40 ?????/40 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 18 ?22 ?????. ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? 2.7 ??/?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? (????? ???????? 3.2 ??? ?????? 4.8 ??? ????) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? LCL ????? 312 ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? Freightos? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? 1,760 ??????? - ?? ????? 5.6 ?????.

5 ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????:

• ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????:: ????? ????? ?????? ??? 6000? ?????? ?????? LCL ?????? ??? 1000
• ??? ??????????? ????? ???? 35-40 ?????? ????? 5-7 ????
• ????? ??????/??????:: ???? ?? ???? ??????-??????? ???? ?? ?????-????? 12-18%
• ???? ???????: ???? ???? EXW/FOB/CIF/DDP ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? (??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ICC Incoterms 2020)
• ?????? ????????:: ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? 20 ??? 351 ???????? ??? 3 ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.

??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????

????? ??????:???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????: "???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????" — ????? ??? ??????? (2.7 ??/??3) ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? 100% ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????/??????? ?????? ????? VCI ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? 5–15%? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? (??? ?????? 7075 ?2024) ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? EAR/ECCN ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????.

????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????

?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? 6061-T6 ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????: ????? ???????? ?????? ?? 1820 ???? ?????? 3.2CBM ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? (1CBM = 1000 ???)? ??? ??? ????? ?? 3200 ??? ??? - ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.

????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????

????? ???????	?????? ??????? ????????	????????? ???????
????? ??????? (????? ??????/?????)	55-65%	?????? ?? SCFI
????? ?????? THC	5-8%	?????? ????? 1,100 ???? ????/40 ???? ????/40 ???? ????
???? ?????? THC	6-10%	??????? ????? 280 ????/40 ?? ???
??????? ?? ??????? ????????	2-3%	????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 7616.99
??????? ??? ???????	0.2-0.5%	???? ???? ?????? CIF x 110%
????????? ????????	8-12%	?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????
???? ???? ??????? ???????	3-5%	?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????

????? ?????: ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? (EN 10204 3.1)?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? 3 ?7 ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????

????????? ??????:??? ??? ?????????? 100% ??????? ?????? ??????. 1 ??? ???? ?? ?????????? 6061 ??? ????? 2700 ???? ??? ?? ????? 2.7 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (1CBM=1000 ???)? ?16 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? (1CBM=167 ???) - ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????:

• ??? ?????? ????? ?????? LCL ????? ?????? = ???? ?????? (????? ??????? ??? ÷ 1000? ????? ?3) ??????/??? ????
• ??? ?????? ????? ????? = ???? ?????? (????? ????? ???????????? ????? × ????? × ???????? ÷ 6000)
• ?????? ?????? (?? ??? ??/??????) = MAX (????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? × ????? × ???????? ÷ 5000 ??)? ??????? ???? ?????

???? ?????: ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? 6061-T6 ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2024? ????? ???????? 860 ???? ???? ??????? 0.42CBM? ???? ??? ?????? LCL ???? 0.86 ???/??? (????? ?????? ????)? ????? ????? ????? 860 ??? (??? ????? 70 ??? ???). ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? (280 ???/1.8CBM) ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? 1.8CBM ????? ?? ??? - ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? MatWeb 6061-T6.

????? ????: ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (????? ISPM 15) 8-12% ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????

??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 100 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 100 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 100-500 ???? ?????? ?????? LCL ????? ?? 1-15CBM? ?????? ?????? FCL ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 15CBM ?? 3 ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? 37 ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? 18 ???????.

????? (??????)	???? ??? ??????	???????? ???????	???? ???????	??? ?????
????? ?????? FCL 20GP	?????? → ???????	1,200 ??? 2,200 ????? ??????/?????	35-40 ?????	18-22 ???? ?? ?????????? 18-22 ???? ?? ??????????
????? ?????? FCL 40HQ	?????? → ???????	?? 2,000 ????? ?????? ??? 3,800 ????? ??????/?????	35-40 ?????	????? ????? ?? ???????/???????
???????? LCL	?????? ← ???????	60-110 ????? ??????/????? ??? ????	40-50 ?????	1-15 ?????? ???? ?????
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????	???? → ????????	?? 5,000 ????? ??? 7,500 ?????/40 ??? ????	?? 18 ??? 22 ?????	????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
????? ?????	?????? → ?????????	4-8 ??????? ???????/???? ????	5-8 ????	<???? ??? ?? 500 ???

??? ?????? ???? ??????: ???? ?? 380 ??? ?? ??? ?????????? 6061-T6 CNC ???? 6061 ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ????? 3,040 ??????? ????????? 6 ????? ?????? ?????? LCL 2,100 ????? ??????? 20 ?????? ?????? ?????? LCL 780 ??????? ????????? 45 ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? - ?????? 311 ???????? 3 ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? "????? ??? ????? ????????" ??????.

???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????: ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 30 ???? ????? ??? ????? - ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? VCI ???????? ????? + ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 8 ??? 121 TP3T. -121 TP3T. ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? 12 ?15 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????

??????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? "??????? ????????" = CIF + ???????? ???????? + ????? ?????? ??????? + ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? 6061 ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? CIF 6000 ????? ???????? ???????? 7.5% = 450 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? = 6450 ???? × 19% = 1225.5 ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? 7675 ????? ???? ?? CIF ????? 28%.

?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????: ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????

• ?????? ?????? 7604 (????? ????? ??????????): ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? 7.5%? ??? ???? ????? 7604.21.00 (??????? ???????) ??? ??? 2021 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? 21.2% ?32.1%? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 48% ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????.
• ?????? ?????? 7606 (????? ?????? ??????????):: ???????? ???????? 7.51 TP3T? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 2023.
• ?????? ?????? 7616 (?????? ?????????? ??????/??????? ??????????): ???????? ???????? 6%? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? - ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????.

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? DDP

?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????: ??????? 191 ???????? 3 ????????? ????? 201 ???????? 3 ????????? ??????? 221 ???????? 3 ????????? ????? 271 ???????? 3 ???????? (?????? ?? ??????? ????????). ????? ?????? ?? CIF + ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????: ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? 8% ??? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? "????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????"? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? DDP - ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????.

?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????

??????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? - ?????? 5 ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? 18-35%? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? 5%.

?? ?????? 2024? ???????? ??? ?????? (?????? ← ???????? 6061 ???? ???????? 6061? 2 × 40HQ? ????? ???????? 52 ????) ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???:

???? ????	??? ??????? (????? ??????/?????)	?????? ???????? ??????	???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????
??????	2,150	?????	+22%
??????	1,980	?????	+28%
?????????	2,480	?? ????	+8%
?????? iContainers	2,090	?????	+19%
????? ????? ????? ????????	2,620	???? ?? ???	+3%

???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????: ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????/????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? (??? 48.9%)? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? GRI (????? ????? ?????) ? PSS (???? ???? ?????? ????????) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 4 ??????. 4 ??????.

?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 3 ????? ???? ???????① ?????? Freightos ?? Flexport ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ← ???? ?? ????? ???? 2-3 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? "?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??" ?? ????? ?????? ????? ← ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? GRI ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? 7604 / 7606). (7604/ 7606 ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????).

6 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????

????????? ??????:?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? 15-25% ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? 6 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? 3.2 ????? ??????/??? ??? 2.4 ????? ??????/??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????

1. ???? ?????? ?? LCL ??? FCL ???? ?????? ?? LCL ??? FCL: ????? ???? ?? 13CBM ?? ???? ?? 6 ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? 40HQ (1800-2?800 ????? ??????) ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? LCL (65 ??????? ???????? / MBM × 13 × 845 ??????? ???????? + THC / ISPS / ???? ??????? ???? ???? 600 ????? ?????? ???????). ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???.
2. ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? + ????? ???????: ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? 10–15% ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????/????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????/???????? ??? ?????? ????? 180–260 ???? ??? ??. ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????.
3. ?????? ????? ??????: ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 2015? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? REX ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.
4. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????: 4 ?????? ??? 4 ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? (????? ?????-????? ??????)? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? (????? ?????-????? ?????)? ???? ?????? ??????? (??????) ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? 20-401 ???????? 3 ????????.
5. ?????? ??? ????? EXW??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? + ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? EXW ?????? 50-120 ???????/?????. ???? EXW ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????.
6. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????:: 1.2 ? × 1.0 ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? 1.2 ? × 1.0 ? + ????? ???? VCI? ???? ?? 40HQ ????? 8-12% ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????.

??????? ???????

?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????

???? ?? 3 ????? ?????? ??? FCL ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 0.6 ????? ??????/???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 500 ???? ?????? LCL? ????? ???? ??????? ????? 1.8 ????? ??????/???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 100 ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????

??? ?? ??? ?????? REACH (?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? <0.1%) ? RoHS 2.0 (???? ?????? ??????????)? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? CE+EN 1706 ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? REACH ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ECHA? ??? ?? ????? 240 ???? ?? ????? ??????.

??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????

?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? TARIC ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (??? ???? ?????? 7604.29)? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? 21.2-32.11 TP3T? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????.

?? ????? ?? ???? ???? DHL/?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????

??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? 3 ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 2024: DHL 68 ???????? ?FedEx IP 74 ???????? ?EMS 42 ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? 10 ????? ??? ??? DHL ??? 30 ??? ?? ?????? ??????.

?? ?? ????? ????? ??????

???? ???? ????? ???? PICC ??? ???? ??????? 0.08-0.151 ???????? 3 ???????? ?? ?????? CIF? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? "????? ??? ??????"? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? 0.21 ???????? 3 ????????.

??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????

?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? + ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (3 ????)? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? (????????) ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? 180 ????/??????.

??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????

??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????/??????? ???????? ???? 6 ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ±21 ???????? 3 ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.