????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? 18.7 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2023? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? (CPSC) ????? ?? ????? 231 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????: ?????? ???? ?????? (ISO 9001/IATF 16949)? ????????? ?????? ???????? (AS9100? ISO 13485? NADCAP) ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? — ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ????.

???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.

????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????

??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??:???? 9001(???? ????? ?????? ??????)?IATF 16949(????? ????????)?AS9100D(??????? ???????)?ISO 14001(????? ??????)?ISO 45001(????? ???????? ???????)? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? (??? ISO 13485 ?????? ?????? ?PED 2014/68/EU ?????? ?????). ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 70% ??? ???.

?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? 14 ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? 9 ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? — ???? ?? ????? 3 ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ISO 9001 ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? 8 ????. ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? (Tier 1) ????? IATF 16949 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? "???? ??????" ??? "???? ????" ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? (CBAM) ??????? ????????. ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.

?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ISO 9001 ? IATF 16949 ?????? ????????

????????? ??????:??? ISO 9001 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? IATF 16949 ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? IATF 16949 ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? (??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ADAS ??????)? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? PPAP ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (OEM). ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????.

???? ???????? ??? ???????

????? ??????? ISO 9001 ??? "?????? ?? ????????"? ??? IATF 16949 ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???: APQP (??????? ?????? ????? ??????)? ?PPAP (??????? ?????? ??? ???????)? ?SPC (?????? ???????? ?? ????????)? ?MSA (????? ????? ??????)? ?FMEA (????? ????? ?????). ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? IATF Global Oversight ???? 2023? ?? ???? ??? ????? 58 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? IATF 16949 ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? 42%? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? 600 ????.

?????? (???????)	???? 9001	IATF 16949
???????????? ??????? ???????	???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????	???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????
??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????	??? ??????	PPM ≤ 25 (??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????)
????? ????????	??? ????? ?? ?????	??? ????? ?????? + ????? ??? ???????
???? ????? ????????	???? (??? ?????)	???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? 30%

????? ????? ?? "???????? ?? ??????? ????????" ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????????

?? ??? 2023? ????? ???? ??????? ?? "??? ?????? ?? ???????" ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? : ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? IATF 16949 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? (?????? ????? ????? ????)? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? 30 ?????????. ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? (Site Code) ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? IAOB ?? ???????? GPS ????? ??????. ????? ???????: ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? PPAP ?? ???? 8 ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 42 ??? ????? ??????.

• ????? ????? ???? ????: ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???. ??????? ??????: ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (GPS).
• ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????: ??? ????? ????? IATF ???? 2024? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? (??? TüV ?? SGS ?? BSI).
• ????? ??????: ???? ??????? ????? ??? "????? ??? ??????????" ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? — ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? "???? ??? ????? ??????" ????? ?? ???? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????: ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? IATF 16949 ???? ????? 121 ??? 181 ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ISO 9001 ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? PPAP ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? (CMM). ?????????

?? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? AS9100D ?Nadcap ?ISO 13485 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? — ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? (PERI)? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? Nadcap ??????? ????? 4500 ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? 30 ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? 0.7%.

???? AS9100D? ????? ??? ISO 9001? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? FOD (?????? ?? ??????? ???????) ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? Nadcap ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??: HT (???????? ????????)? ?NDT (????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? FPI ??????? ??????? RT)? ?CHM (???????? ??????????)? ?MTL (?????? ??????). ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? AMS 2770 (???????? ????????) ? ASTM E1417 (FPI) ????? ?????.

??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? AS9100D ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? Nadcap HT ?????? ???????? ??? 4 ???? — ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? T6 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????: ?? ?????? ?????? ??? eAuditNet ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? Nadcap ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ISO 13485 ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? FDA 21 CFR Part 820.

????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????

??????????? ????????: ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ISO 14001 ?ISO 45001 ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 2026. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? (CBAM) ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? 2023? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? 2026 — ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? (???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????).

????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????: ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? (GHG Protocol) ???????? 1 ?2? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? CBAM? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 80 ?120 ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? 5 ?81 ???? ?????.

• ISO 14001: ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? (????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? HW48)
• ISO 45001: ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? (PEL)
• SA8000 / BSCI (amfori BSCI): ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? 100% ???? ??? ????
• RoHS / REACH ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (SVHC): ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? (Pb) 0.11? ?/?? ????????? (Cd) 0.011?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ADC12

????? ?????: ?????????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? — ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? 51? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? CBAM ?? ????????.

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????

??????????? ????????: ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????——??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (OES)? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? (????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ASTM E155)? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? (CMM). ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? (PPAP) ??????.

?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????: ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ADC12 ???? 0.85%? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? 1.12%— —??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? JIS H 5302 (1.0%)? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? 3.7% ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????

• ????? ????? ?????: ??? ??? ???? ?????? (??? Spectromaxx LMF06) ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? Si/Cu/Mg/Fe ?????
• ??????? ???????????: ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? — ????? ?????? A380? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ≥240 ???? ?????? / ≥150 ???? ?????? / ≥31?
• ????? ?????? ???????: ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ASTM E155? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? 2
• ????? CMM: ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? Cpk? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? Cpk ≥ 1.33

????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????

????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? SGS? TüV ????? Bureau Veritas (BV)? Intertek——??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? CNAS ?ILAC-MRA? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? 180–450 ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????

1. ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? (??? "CNAS L1234" ?? "UKAS 0008")
2. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (IAF) ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? (MLA) ??????? ??????? — ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? MLA ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
3. ???? ??? ??? "?????? ?? ??? ???????" ?? "????? ?? ???????" ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (??? DNV ?? LRQA ?? SGS)? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????
4. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (CNCA)
5. ?????? ?? ?????? ???????: ?? ???? ???? ???????? (Scope) ????? "aluminum die casting"? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????

????? ?????: ????? ?? "??????" ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? 8 ?121 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? — ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????.

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? — ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????.

???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????

????? ??????? ????????: ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? 8 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? 90% ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????:

????????	????? ???????	??? ????????	????? ????????	???????? ???????	????? ???????? ?????? (???????? ????????)
???? 9001	????? ???????? ??????? ?? IAF	3 ?????	???????? ???????	???	3,000–8,000
IATF 16949	???? ?????? ?? IATF	3 ?????	??????	???????? ??? ????????	15,000–30,000
AS9100D	????? IAQG OASIS	3 ?????	??????	??????? ???????	20,000–40,000
Nadcap	PRI	12–24 ?????	?????? ????	??????? ???????	10,000–25,000
???? 13485	???? ??????? NB	3 ?????	??????	??????? ??????	8,000–18,000
ISO 14001	???? ?????? IAF	3 ?????	??????	?????? ??????	4,000–9,000
ISO 45001	???? ?????? IAF	3 ?????	??????	????? ???????	4,000–9,000
IECQ QC 080000	???? IECQ	3 ?????	??????	RoHS ??????????	5,000–12,000

7 ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????

1. ???? ????? ?? ??????? + ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????: ???? ?? ???? ?????? CNAS/UKAS? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? (???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????).
2. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????: ??? ??? ??? "??????" ?? ??????? ???? ??? "?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????"? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????.
3. ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????: ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? 12 ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????.
4. ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????: ??????? 3 ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? MRB ?????? 8D — ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? 15%? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
5. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????: ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? SPC ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????.
6. ???????? ????? ??????: ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? CMM ? OES ????? ???????? ????? ??? NIST ?? CNAS?
7. ?????? ?????? ????????: ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? (???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????) — ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 80%.

????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? IATF 16949? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? GR&R ?? ????? ???? ?????? (MSA) ???? 32% (?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? <10%)? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? — ???? ?? ???? ????????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????

????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????: ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? 47 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? 19% ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????——????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????:

1. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????: ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? IAFCertSearch ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? (IAF MLA). ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? "???? XX ?????? ????????".
2. ?????? ??????? ?? CNAS: ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? "????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????" ??? ?????? ?????? ?? CNAS — ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? "??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????"? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? "????? ????? ??????????".
3. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? Google: ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? PDF ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
4. ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????: ??? ??????? ??? ????? IATF 16949 ?? ????? ?????? IATF oem.iatfglobaloversight.org? ?????? ??? ????? IATF ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
5. ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????: ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? (Scope Annex) ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? — ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????.

??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????

?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ISO 9001 ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? — ?????? ISO 9001 ?? ???? "?? ????"? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? PPAP ?APQP.

?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????. ???????? ???? ?? "?????? ??? ???????"? ??? ???? ?? "?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????". ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? (IAF)? ??? ????? ?? ????? 3 ??? 51 ????? ISO ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????.

?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? IATF 16949????? ??????? ???? ??????? 2 ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????.?? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? (????? 8000-15000 ???? ??? ???)? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????.

????? ?????? ?????? (????? ?????????):

• ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? + ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
• ? ????? ????? ????? ???? OES ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? 12 ?????
• ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????
• ? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? CBAM (????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????)
• ? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? PPAP ???????? ??????

??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????.