???? ?????? ??? 2023 ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? 2.71?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 68.1? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? — ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ISPM 15? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? VCI? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????.

?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? "??? ?????" ??? "???? ???????".

???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????

??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????:?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ISPM 15? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? — ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 2022? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? 1.8 ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? 14 ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? IPPC ??? ??????? ???????.

• ?????? ????? ????????: ???? VCI ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? + ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? 40%RL? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? 60 ????? ?? ????? ??????
• ????? ????? ???????: ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? (EPE) + ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? 3 ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ISO 2248
• ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 15: ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (HT) ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? (MB)? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (IPPC) ?????
• ???? ??????? ????????: ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????) ?? ????? GB/T 191 ???????? ??? ????? ???????
• ???????? ???????? ????????: ????????? ???????? ????? ????? REACH ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ISF-10+2 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (CBP)? ????? AQIS ?????????? ??????

????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? 2023? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? 17% ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? 23 ??? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????.

????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????

????? ??????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? 40-60 ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? Ra ??? ???? ?? 0.8 ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? — ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? 3-5 ????? ?????? ???????? ???????.

"???? ?????" ?????? ?? ????????? ????"

• ???? ???? ??????????? ????: ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? -1.66 ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? (Al(OH)?) ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? 72 ????.
• ?????? ??? ?????: ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? 0.05 ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????.
• ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????: ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? 30 ?80 ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? 6 ??? 12 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????.
• ??? ??? ?????: ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????.

?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????

????? ??????? AMPP (???????? ?????? ???? NACE? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????) ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? 30% ?98%? ??? ???? ??? ????? 80-120 ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? 24 ???? — ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??"??? ????????".

??? ?? ??? 2023 ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? 47 ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? 171 ???? ?? ???? TP3T. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? VCI ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? + ???? ????? ???????? (????? 500 ???? ??? ??? ????)? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? 0.31 TP3T. ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (?????? 4-6 ????) ?? ????? ?????? ??? 4G? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? 1.2 ??? ??? ?????.

????? ?????: ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? 6-91?.

???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????????

????? ??????: ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? GB/T 191? ????? GB/T 4857? ???????? ?????? ??????? ISPM 15? ????? ISO 780? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 94/62/EC ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ASTM D3951. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? "???????? — ???????? — ????? ????? — ?????? — ???????? ???? ??????"? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ????.

?? ??? 2023? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? "????? ???????" ?"????? ??????" ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? 7 ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? 2,340 ???? — ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.

??? ???????	???? ???????	?????? ????????
GB/T 191	?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????	17 ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????
GB/T 4857.5/.7	???????? ?????? ?????????	>15 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ≥40 ??
??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? 15	??????? ??????? ???????	??? IPPC + ?????? ?????? ??? 56 ???? ????? ???? 30 ?????
??????? ???????? 94/62/EC	?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????	?????? ??????? ??????? <100 ??? ?? ???????
ASTM D3951	??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????	VCI ?????? ????? + ???? ????? Class 2

?????? ?????: ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? (VCI) ????? ?????? ASTM D3951? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????.

??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ISPM 15 ?????? IPPC

????? ??????: ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ISPM 15? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? (HT? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 56 ???? ????? ???? 30 ????? ??? ?????) ???????? ???????? ?????? (MB). ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? IPPC ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????.

?????? ??? ?????? ???????? HT ? MB

????? ????????	???????? ??????	???????????? ??????? ???????	????? ??? ??? ???? ?????
???????? ???????? HT	???? ????? ??? ????? ≥56 ???? ?????? ???? ≥30 ?????	??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? (???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? 87% ?? ????? ??????? ?????)	????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????
??????? ???????? ???????? (MB)	48 ?/?3 ??? ???? ????? 21 ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? 24 ????	??? ??????? ???????	???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 2010 ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????

??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ISPM 15 ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (FAO).

????? ?????? ????? IPPC

??? ?? ????? ????? ???????: ??? ????? ????? + ??? ?????? (CN) + ??? ????? ?????? ???????? (??? 2100-xxxx) + ??? ????? ???????? (HT ?? MB). ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? 2 ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????.

????? ?????? ???? ?????

?? ???? 2023? ???? ???? AQIS ?????? ???? ????? ?? 42 ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? IPPC ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? 11,600 ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? 28 ?????.

????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? IPPC ?????? ?? ??????? — ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????

??????? ????????: ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? EAC ???? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? 3-5 ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????.

?? ??? 2023? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? (????? ????? 420 ??? ???? ????)? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? 180 ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? 11 ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????.

???/????? ??????	??????? ????????	??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????
??????? ????????	PPWR (EU) 2025/40? REACH? 94/62/EC	??????? ????? ?????? + ????????? + ?????? + ?????? ????? ??????? ≤ 100 ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 2030? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? 30? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????
???????? ???????	ASTM D3951? CPSIA? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? (TSCA)	???????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ≤ 0.09 ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ≤ 100 ??? ?? ???????
???????	????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????	??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????/???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 6 ?55 ???? ?????????? ??????
???? ??? ???? (??????/???????/?????????)	??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? 15 (ISPM 15) + ????? ??????? ??????	?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? VCI + ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? 500 ????/??? ????
????? ?????? (????????/???????? ??????? ???????)	SASO? G-Mark	??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 55 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? EPE ??????? ???????
?????	EAC TR CU 005/2011	??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? + ???? EAC? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? (PPWR) ??? ??????? ?? ?????? 2025? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? (EPR) ????? ????? 2026. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.

??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????

????? ??????: ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? "??????? ????? ??????? + ?????? ?? ???????" — ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? VCI ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? 1.6 ???? DU (????? 200 ???? ?? ?????????? ?? 100 ???? ?? ???????? ???)? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 3.2 ???? DU ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 40 ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????.

?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????

???? ????? VCI (?????? ?????? ??????) ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? 6 ?24 ?????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? VCI ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? VCI ?????? ?????????(Cortec VpCI-146 ?? ???? ???? ?????)? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? 6.5 ?7.5. ???? ?????? ??? ???? AMPP (NACE ??????) ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????.

???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????????

??? ????? ??????	???? ??????? ????????	???????? ?????? ??	???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????
≤25 ?????	???? ??? ????/??????? ??????	???? VCI + ???? PE ???? ????????	200 ???? ?? ?????????
30-45 ?????	?????? ?????? ?????? ???????	???? VCI + ??? ???? ????? + ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????	400 ???? ?? ????????? + ????? ???? ???????
50 ????? ?? ????	?????? ????????/?? ???????? ????????	????? ????? ?????????? ??????? + VCI ?????? ?????? + ??????? ???????????	600 ???? ?? ??????? ???????

??? ?????? ?? ??? 2023 ???? 12 ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? 42 ????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? VCI ???? + 200 ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? 60%RH ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? 2%. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? -0.08 ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? 30%RH? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????

????? ??????: ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? "???? ??? ?????? — ??????? ??????? — ????? ??????? ??? ???????". ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 200 ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? 63% ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 22%.

?????? ????????: ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????

??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? 15 ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? EPE ?????? 35 ???/?3? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 25 ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? 15 ?80 ???? ???? ??????? ???? EVA ????? (?????? 60–80 ???/?3)? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? 1.2 ??? ?????? ??????? ???????.

??? ?????? ?? ??? 2023 ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? EPE ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? 7% ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? — ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? EVA ?????? ?????? ??? CNC? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 12 ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????.

?????? ????????: ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????

?????? ?????	???? ???????	???????????? ??????? ???????
?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? (???? ?????)	≤500 ???	??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? IPPC
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ISPM 15	500–2000 ???	????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????
????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????	2000–5000 ???	????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????

????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? 600 ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ASTM D6039.

????? ??????: ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? — ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? (FCL) ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? (LCL) ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????-?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? -30 ???? ????? ?+40 ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????

??? ?????	???? ??? ?????? ???????	????? ??????? ???? ???????	??????? ????????	???? ?????? ???????
????? ?????? ????????? ??????? (FCL)	2-3 ????? (??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ≥ 1.5 ??? ??? ???????)	????? ?????? (????????? 1-3) + ????? ?? ????????? + ?????? ?????	???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (????? G ??? ??? 2.0)	1.0
??? ??????? ??????? (LCL)	???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????	????? ???? ?????? + ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? + ??????? ???? ??????? ???????	??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????	1.3-1.5
????? ?????	???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ULD	??? ???? ???? ??????? + ???? ???????? ???? ????????	???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????	1.8-2.2
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????	?????? ?????? (???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????)	????? ?????? ??????? + ???? ????? ?????? ??????	????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????	1.1-1.2

?? ????? ??? 2.4 ?? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? 2023? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????-?????? ?? 200 ????/?3 (??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? 350 ????/?3? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? — ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? 0.81? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? 21?. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? 1 ??? 3 ?????? ?? ???? ???????? (GDV) ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????.

?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????

??????? ????????: ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? (Main Mark)? ??????? ???????? (Side Mark)? ????? ??????? (Caution Mark)????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? 50 ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ISO 780:2015 ? GB/T 191? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????.

????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????

• ??????? ????????: ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????/????? ???????? ?????? (??? 1/20)? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????
• ??????? ????????: ????? ????????/????? ?????? (???)? ????? ??????? ??????? (??)? ??? ?????? "??? ?? ?????"? ????? (??? ????)
• ????? ?????: ???? ????? (Fragile)? ??? ?????? ????? (This Side Up)? ???? ????? (Keep Dry)? ???? ????? (Center of Gravity)? ???? ????? (Sling Here) — —??? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? **????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 11%** ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????

????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????

??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? Code 128 + ???? ?????? GS1-128? ?????? ??? ??????? SSCC ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? 40%? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 96 ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 15%.

???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? CE ??????? ?????? ?????? EUR-1? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? (????? ???????) ?????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????:??????? ??????? ???????? + ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????

??????? ????????: ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? 20 ??? ??? 45 ?75 ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? 31? ??? 61? ?? ??? FOB. ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? 10% ??? 30%? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????.

????? ??? ?? ??? 2023 ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? 8200 ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 5900 ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? 2300 ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? 165 ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? 72 ?????.

???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? (??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? 20 ???)

???? ???????	???? ?????? ??????? (????)	?????? ???????	????? ???????
?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????	22-30	40%-45%	????? ??????? ???????↓15%
???? VCI + ????? EPE	8-12	15%-18%	???? ???????↓20%
??? ???? ?????/???? ?????	4-6	8%-10%	???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????↓25%
??????? ???????	6-10	12%-15%	????? ???????↓30%
???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 15	3-5	6%-8%	???????? ??????? ↓40%
????? ???????? ???????? + ?????? ????????	2-4	4%-6%	-

????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????

• ????? ?????? ????????: ?? ????? ???? ?? 20 ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? 5-6 ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? 681 ???? ??????? ??? 3 ????? ??? 891 ???? ??????? ??? 3 ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? 1200×1000 ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (FEFPEB).
• ????? ????? ???????: ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? CAD? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? 40HQ ?? 18 ???? ????? ??? 22 ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? 181 ???? 3 ??.
• ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????: ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? 800 ????? ?????? 30 ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 7 ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.