???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? 68%???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? 7616.99 ?8409/8708 — ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? HS? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? HTS ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?? ?????? HS ???????? ??????????

????? ????? ???????:????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? HS 7616.99(?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????). ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (HTS) ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? 7616.99.5160? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? (MFN) ?? 2.51?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? TARIC ?????? ??????? ???????? 7616.99.90? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 7616.9990. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??.

????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? 7616.99.5160 ?8708.99.81 (??? ???? ??????)? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? 2.5%? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? 2.5% ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? — ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 4 ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? 680 ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????.

????? ??? ????????? ????????	6 ???? ?? ??????? ????????	HTS ???????? (10 ?????)	????? ??????? ??????	???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????????? ?????? (??? ??????)	7616.99	7616.99.5160	7616.9990	2.5% (???????? ???????)
??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????	8487.90 / 8479.90	8487.90.0080	8487.9000	3.9% (???????? ???????)
??? ???? ?? ????? ??????????	8409.91	8409.91.5085	8409.9199	2.5% (???????? ???????)
??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????	7610.90	7610.90.0080	7610.9000	5.7% (???????? ???????)
??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????	8302.42	8302.42.3065	8302.4200	3.9% (???????? ???????)

????? ????: ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (USITC HTS Search)? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (WCO).

???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? HS

????? ??????: ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? 76 (????? ??????? 7616.99) ????? ?? ??????? 84/85 ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? (GRI 1) ?? "?????? ??????" — "??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????". ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? "????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????"? ????? ???? ?? ????? 76 ??? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ??? ????? 84/85?

??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (??? ??????? ?????????? ??????) ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? (?????? ????????). ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? 7616.99 ???? 8409 (????? ????????)? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????.

???? "?????? ????? ?????? ???????" ????? ?????? GRI 3(a)

• ?????? ??? ????? 76: ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? (???? ????? 701 ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????)
• ?????? ??? ????? 84/85: ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? CNC ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? (??? ???? ???? ?????? 8708.40)

????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 2023 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (CBP): ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 8503.00? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? 7616.99.5160? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? 42 ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? "???? ???? ?????".

???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? (HS) ???? 2022? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? (WCO) ????? ?HTS Online? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (USITC).

????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????:????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????.

???? ?????? ?????? HS ???????? ?????????? ???????

????? ??????: ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 7616.99? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? "??????? ???????" ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? (????? 84/87)? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? 0%–27.5%. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 400 ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????:

?????? ????/???????????	???????? ?????????	??? HS (6 ?????)	HTS ???????? (10 ?????)	???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????
???? ?? ????? ????? (??? ????)	????? ????????? ????? ????????	7616.99	7616.99.5160	2.5%
??? ???? ?????? (????? ???????)	?????? ?????? ?? ??????????	7616.10	7616.10.9090	5.5%
???? ????????? (??? ??????)	???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????	8409.91	8409.91.5085	2.5%
???? ?????? ??????? (??? ???? ????????)	???????? ?????? ???????	8708.70 / 8708.99	8708.70.4530	2.5%
??? ?????? ?????? (???? ??????)	???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????	8503.00	8503.00.9545	3.0%
???? ?????? (??? ???? ???????)	???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????	8803.30	8803.30.0030	?????

???? ????? ??? ???? ???: ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 7616.99? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (CBP)? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 8708.99 (??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? 2.5%? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? 25% ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? 301 ?? ????? ??????? ???????? (USTR Section 301)? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? 11,800 ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???:?? ?? "?????" ????/????? ?????——??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? (2)(??) ?? ????? ??????? ????.

?????? ?????: ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? "??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????"? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? 84/87.

??? ?????? ????? HTS 7616.99.5160 ????????

????? ??????: HTS 7616.99.5160 ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? 10 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??"????????? ?????????? ?????? (Castings)"? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? (MFN) ?? 2.5%? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? 301? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? 27.5%(2.5% + 25%) ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? 232 ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? 10%? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? 2025.

????? ??????? ????? ???????

• 7616: ?????? ????????? ??????
• 99: ???? ??? ?????
• 51: ????????? (??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????)
• 60: ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????

????? ???????: ?? ????? ????? CN 7616.99.90 ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??"?????????"? ??? ?? ????? 7616.9990 ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 7616.99.90 ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 7616.99.5160 ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? — ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (CBP).

???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????: ????? ?????? ??????? ????

?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? LED ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? 8539.90 (????? ??????)? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? (CBP) ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 7616.99.5160 ???? "??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????"? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? 18,700 ????? ???????????? ???????? ??:??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? "???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? CF-28 ????? ?????.

????? ?????? (??????)

???? ???????? ??????? ????? "??????? ???????". ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? (?? 7601 ??? 7616)? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? 301. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? HTS ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (USITC) ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????.

??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????

????? ??????: ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????——????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? 80%.

??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????

???????	???? ??? ???????	??????? ??? ???????
????? ????? ??????????	A356-T6? ADC12? AlSi7Mg0.3	????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (??? ??? ???? ?????? ADC12 ?????? ?? ?????)
????? ????	???? ?????? / ???? ?????? (HPDC) / ???? ?????????	???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
???? ????????	?????? ????? / ???????? ??????? / ???????? ???????? / ??????? ????????	?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? 84/87
????????? ???????	???? ???? ?????? ???????? / ???? ???	"????????" ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? 76

????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????

??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ADC12 ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? "??? ????????"? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (CBP) ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 6 ????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? 24 ????:

??????? ?? ????? ?????????? (ADC12)? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? HTS 7616.99.5160

????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????.

??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????

????? ??????: ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? 70% ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???: ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? 7616.99? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? 0.05% ??????.

???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????

• ????? ?????: ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? 7616.99.??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??"??????" ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? 7616.9990 ?????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 2023: ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 7616.99 ????? 5 ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 8708.40 (????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? 41?)? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? 280 ??? ????? ??????.
• ????? ??????: ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????.??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? (CNC)? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? "????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????". ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (WCO) ???? 2022? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????.
• ????? ??????: ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????.????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? 7616.99? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????????.

?????? ????? ???????

????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? (End-Use Statement) ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? 5 ????? ???????? ??? ?????. ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? 10 ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? 0.51? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? AEO ????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????.

?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????

????? ????? ???????:?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? (7616.99)? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? 27.5%–32.5% (??????? 2.51? + 251? ????? ?????? 301 + ????? ?????? ??????? ????????)? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (RCEP) ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 0.1?. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????.

?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????

??? ??????	???? ??????? ???????	??????? ????????/?????? ???????	??? ???????? ???????
???????? ??????? (HTS 7616.99.5160)	2.5% MFN	?????? 301 +25%? ?????? ????????? ?????? 232 +10% (????? ????)	??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? (???? ???????/???? 0%)
??????? ???????? (TARIC 7616.99.90)	6.0% MFN	??? ??????? ???? ??????? (??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????)	??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? (EVFTA) ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? 0-1? ?3?
????? (7616.9990 - ????????)	??????? 8% MFN / 5%	?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????	?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (RCEP) ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 0%

??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????

??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? (USDOC) ?? ??? 2023 ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? "???? ??????" (scope ruling) ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2024? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? 86.01%? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? 169.66%.

?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2024? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????: ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? (???? ??????) (FOB 120 ??? ????? ??????)? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? 32.81?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? (?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (RCEP) ????? 40% ?? ????)? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? 0%? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? 39 ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? PSR ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (????? RCEP) — ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????: CTH (????? ??????? ???????) ?? RVC40.

????? ?????: ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? DDP ???? ?????????? ?? ???????.

??????? ???????

?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????

???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? 7616.99 (HTS ???????? 7616.99.5160). ????? ????? HS ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? (die casting) ?? ???? ?????? (sand casting) ?? ???? ?????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? — ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? 15%–30% ?? ????? ???????? ??????.

??? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????

????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? "????? ????? ???? ???????". ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? 7616.99? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? (CNC) ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? (??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? 8409). ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? 2(?) ?? ???? ??????? HS ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? (WCO).

?? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????

• ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
• ????? ?????? (MTC? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ADC12 ? A356)
• ????? ?????? (FORM E/RCEP ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????)
• ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ISF 10+2

??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????

???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? "???????? + ???????"? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? 10 ??? 15 ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? 3 ?????. ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? (7616.9990) ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? 13%? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? 12 ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? 1.56 ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? 42% ?? ???? ????? — ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??.