????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? 3 ??? 10 ??????-???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? 15-25 ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? 35 ??? 70 ?????? ???????? ??? 5-10 ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????: ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? 40 ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????.

?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????

????? ??????: ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? 4 ??? 10 ??????.???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? (?? ???? ???? ??????) ?? ????? 3-5 ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? 4-6 ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 5-10 ??????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 3 ??? 5 ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? 2 ??? 4 ??????.

?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? 40 ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? LED.???????????? ?????? ??????? - ???? ?? ???? "??????" ???? ?? ??????? 50%-70% ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????.

????? ????	?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??	?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????	???? ?????? ????????? (?? ??????)
?? ?????	?? (?? ??????? ???????/????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????)	?????	3-4 ??????
?? ?????	?????	?? ????	4-5 ??????
?? ????????	??? (???? ????????? ????)	?????	4-6 ??????
???? ?????? ???????	??? (???? ??????)	?? ????	6-8 ??????
?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????	??? (???? ??????? ????)	?????	5-8 ??????
?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????	?? ????	??? (?????? ?????????)	?? 7 ??? 10 ??????

?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????: ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? 3D ???????(????? ??????) ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ASTM ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.

??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????

????? ??????:???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? "?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? "?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????" - ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? 40-60% ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????.

??????? ???????? ????????? ??????

??? ????? 23 ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? 2023 (???? ?? ?????? ADC12? ????? ????????? A356? ????? ?????? ZL101)? ?????? ??? ????? ??????: ?????? ??? ?????? ????? 45%? ?????? ?????? ???????? 15%? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? 20%? ????????? ??????? 10%? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? 10%. ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????.

• ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? (???? H13? ????? HRC 48-52)? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? 4-6 ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? 3-7 ????.
• ???? ?????? ????????: ??????? ????? ??????? (??? ?? 2 ??) ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 2-3 ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? 5-7 ???? ?????? ??? ????.
• ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ADC12 ?A380 ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? A357 ?? 7075 ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? 10 ??? 14 ????? ????? ??????.
• ?????? ?????:: ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? (25-50 ????????) 3-5 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 720 ????.
• ????? ????????:: ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? 5 ?????? ??? 7 ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? (?????-??????) ?????? ?????? (????? ??????).

????? ?????

?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? - ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? 24 ????.

?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????

????? ??????:????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? 4-10 ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? "?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????.

???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????

????	?????? ???? (? ?? ?????)	???????? ????????	???? ???????? ???????
??? ??? ??????? (RFQ)	3-7 ????	???? ???????? ?????? ???????	????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? (??? ???? ?????? A356 ????? ADC12).
????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????	3-5 ????	????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????	??????? ??????? ????????? 2-3 ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????
????? ??????? (3D)	?? 5 ??? 10 ????	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????	???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????
????? ???????	2-5 ??????	???????/???????	????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? H13
?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (T1)	?? ????? ??? ???????	?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????	????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? 2-3 ????
???? ?????? ?????? ????????	3-5 ????	?????? ??????? CMM? ?????? ??????	????? ???????? ????? ??????
????? ??????	3-15 ?????	????? ?? ?????? ????	??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????

??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 3.5 ?? ???? ????? ??? 8 ??? ????? ?? NADCA (????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????) ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 4 ???? - ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? T1 ????? 90% ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????.

?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.

?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????

????? ??????:???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? (3-5 ??????)? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (5-10 ??????)? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? "?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????". ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? PRD ? YRD.

?????? ?????? ???????	???? ??????	????? ??? ?????? (???????? ????????)	???? ?????? ????? ??????	??? ?????	?????? ??????????
???? ??????? ???? ????? HPDC	?? 5 ??? 10 ??????	$8,000-$50,000	0.8 ??	1.6-3.2 ????????	>???? ?? 5,000 ????
???? ?????? ??????? LPDC	4-7 ??????	$4,000-$20,000	2.5 ??	3.2 - 6.3.3 ????????	1,000 ??? 10,000 1,000 ????
?? ???????? GDC	4-6 ??????	$2,000-$10,000	3.0 ??	6.3 ????????	500-5,000 ????
?? ?????	3-5 ??????	$300-$2,000 (?? ?????)	4.0 ??	12.5-12.5-25 ????????	1-1,000 1,000 ????
???? ??????????	4-6 ??????	$1,500-$8,000	1.5 ??	3.2 - 6.3.3 ????????	50-2000 ????

???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??: H13 ????? ?????? ?????? ????? H13 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ← ???????? ???????? (HRC 46-52) ← ????? ?????? ← ????? ?????? ← EDM EDM ← ??????? ← ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? CNC ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 200 ????. ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? NADCA? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (T1) ?????? ?? ??????? ?? 6-8 ??????.

?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? - ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 11 ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? T1 47 ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 18 ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? 5 ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? 5 ??? 10 ??????

????? ??????:?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? (???? ??????? ???? ?????) ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? H13 ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? 600-1000 ???. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? 7 ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? "?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????"? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? - ?? 5 ??? 10 ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????.

????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????

??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? (T0) ??? ???.

• ????? ????? ??????? H13 ????????(3-5 ????): ????? H13 ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? NADCA #207-2018? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? HB180-220
• ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????(5-7 ????): ???? 0.3-0.5 ?? ??? ????? 0.3-0.5 ??
• ???????? ???????? ????????(4-6 ????): ???? ??? ??? ??? HRC 46-52? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
• ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????(5-8 ????): ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ± 0.02 ??.
• ??????? ????????? EDM(?? 3-6 ????): ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????
• ????? ??????(2-4 ????): ??? ??????? Ra0.4 ?? ???
• ??????? ??????? ???????? T0(3-5 ????): ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????

???? ??? ???????? ?????? 25 ??? ???? ?? 5 ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??? 2023 ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 9 ?????? ?? ???? T1 - ? T0 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? 12%? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? (NADCA) ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? H13 ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 100000 ??? ???? ?????? ??? 20000 ??? ????.

???? ??????? ???????

?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 2-3 ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? - ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? P20 ?? ????? ?????????? 7075 ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? EDM ??? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 500-2000 ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 40-60%? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? 5000 ????. ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 2 ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????

???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????.?? 7 ??? 12 ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? 10 ??? 15 ???????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? 5 ??? 7 ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? "?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? "?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????

?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????: ???? ??? ?????

????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? 5 ??? 10 ???? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? (??? ?????? ExOne S-Max ?? Voxeljet VX1000) ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.48-72 ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 9 ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? 380 ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 2023? ?????? ????? 9 ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 11 ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? $180-1T4T4T450? ??????? ?????? $2,500T2 ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? (1-5 ???) ???? ????????.

????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????

• ?? ????? ?????????:: ??????? ???? ?????? ≥3 ??? ??? ??????? CT7 ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? $300-$800? ??????? 10-12 ?????
• ????? ?????????? ??????:: ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? 6061? ??? ???????? 50-200 ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? 12-15 ?????
• ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? 2-3 ????.

??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? — ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? 18% ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? 22%.

????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? Ra 6.3-12.5 ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? Ra 1.6-3.2 ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????.

??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????

????? ??????:?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? 7-10 ???? ?? 5-10 ?????? — ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 5 ?????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????: "?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????". ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????: ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? "???? ?????" ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? "???? ??????"?

?????????? ???????? ??? ????????

• ????? ???? ???? (??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????). ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? 6061-T6 ?? ADC12 ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 7-10 ????. ?????? ????? - ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
• ???? ?? ???? (?? ?????). ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? H13 (5-10 ??????)? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? (3-5 ??????)? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? (1-2 ?????). ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? (?? ?????? ???????? 2.68 ??/?? ????)? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????.

?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????

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????? ??????? (?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????)	?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????	?? 7 ??? 10 ????
???????? ??????? (???????/????????)	?? ????? + ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????	?? 10 ??? 15 ?????
???? ?? ??? ??????? (PPAP)	????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????	?? 4 ??? 10 ??????

??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????: ??????? ????? ?? ????? CNC ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? - ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? 35%? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? (?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? 8000 - 15000 ????? ??????) ??? ??????. 15000 ????? ?????? ??? ??????).

????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????

????? ??????:?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? 2 ??? 7 ????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? 30%-50%.

????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????

??????? ?????	???? ??????	???? ????? ????????
????? ?????? + ???????? ???????? (T6)	2-4 ????	?????? ??????? ????? + ??????? ?? 18 ??? 24 ???? ?? ??? ?????
??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? (3-5 ?????)	3-7 ????	????? ?????????? ?????? <0.03 ??
??????? (????? ??????)	2-4 ????	A356 ????? ????????? >7% ??? ??? ???????
????? ?????? + ???? ???????	2-3 ????	?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 500h
???? ?????? ??? (????? III)	4-6 ????	???? ????? ???? ?????? -5 ℃ ?? ???

?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????

?? ??? 2023? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ADC12 ????? ??????? ADC12 ????? ?????? ??????? ????????: ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? (?) ?????? ????????? ????? ???? CNC B ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? C ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? 9 ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? + ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? + ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 8.5 ?????? ??? 5.5 ??????? ??? ??? 21 ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 72% ??? 94%.

????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? (NADCA)? ??? 38% ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? 3 ??? 10 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????.

????? ?????: ???? ??????? "??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????"? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? - ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.

???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????

????? ??????:????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? DHL / FedEx / UPS ?????? ?????? (?? ????? ??? ????? 3-7 ???? ???)? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? 5-30 ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? $80-350? ??? 30-50% ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? 3-5 ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (25-40 ?????) ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? 100 ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.

?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????

????? (??????)	????? ????? (?? ????? ??? ?????)	10 ??? ???? ???? 10 ???	??????? ??????? ???????	???????????? ??????? ???????
?????? ?????? ?????? (DHL/??????)	3-7 ????	$120-180	???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??	<30 ???? ????? ???? ????
??????? ?????? ???????? ????	?? 5 ??? 10 ????	$90-140+ ???? ?????? $90-140	????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????	30-100 ???
LCL ?????? LCL ?????? LCL	25-40 ?????	$60-100+????? ???? ???? $60-100	?????? ???????	>100 ???? ?? ?????.

??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? 6 ????? ?? ??????? (????? ???????? 8.2 ???) ?? ???? DHL Shenzhen - ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? 68 ???? ?????? ????? $143. $40 ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? THC? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? $90? ????? ?????? ???? ????? 4 ????! --??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? "???? ??????? ??????".

???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????

• ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (HS)??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 7616.99? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? 7601? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 5-15 ?????. ???? ???? "????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????" ??? ???????? ????????.
• ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? MSDS ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????.
• ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????: ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (CBP) ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? 30% ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 3 ??? 7 ????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? (HS) ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? (WCO).

?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? - ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 10-151 ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????.

????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????

????? ??????:?? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? "?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? 6-8 ?????? ???????? ??? 3-4 ??????? ?? ??? 10-14 ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ADC12 ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 2023? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? 7 ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? 19 ????? - ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??????????? ????? ?????

1. ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? (????? 5-8 ????)??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? R ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
2. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? (????? 10-20 ?????): ????? P20 ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? P20 ????? ?? H13? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? 500-2000 ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 35 ????? ??? 15-18 ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? (NADCA) ??????? ??????? ???????.
3. ????? ????? ???? ??????? (??? 3-5 ????): ???? ????? ??????? ??? A356? ADC12? AlSi10Mg? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? A357? AlSi7Mg0.6.
4. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????/??????? ??????? (????? 20-30 ?????)???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? 7 ????? ??????? ?????? ???? 1-20 ????.
5. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? (????? 4-6 ????):: ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????.
6. ????? ????? 30% (??? 2-4 ????)???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? CAM ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.
7. ???? ???? + ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? + ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? (??? 5-10 ????):: ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????.

????? ?????: ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? + ??????? ?????? ??????? + ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? 6 ?????? ??? 3.5 ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? 15-25% ???.