?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? 40% ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? (????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? 2023)? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 8% ?15% ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? FOB ? CIF ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? — ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. ??????: ???? FOB ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? CIF ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????.

????? ??????? ??? ???? FOB ? CIF ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????

??????? ?? ???? ?????:FOB (Free On Board? ??????? ??? ??? ???????) ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? CIF (??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????)? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? FOB ?CIF ?? "?? ????"? ?? ?? "?? ????? ?? ????? ??????????".

?????? (???????)	FOB ??????/??????	CIF ????? ??????
???? ????? ???????	??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????	??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (??? FOB)
????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????	???????	??????
???? ??????? ?????????	???? ????	????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (ICC-C? ????? ???? ????? 1101 TP3T ?? ???? ????????)
??????? ??? ????? ?????	??? ??? ???????	????? ??????

?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 3.2 ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ADC12 ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? FOB ??? ???? 81 TP3T ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? CIF? ??? ??? ???? ????? ICC-A ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? 2.11 TP3T — ???? ?? "?? ????? ???????" ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ICC Incoterms? 2020.

??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????

????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? — ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? FOB ?? CIF ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? 20 ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? 22-24 ???? (?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? SOLAS)? ??? ????? "????? ?????" ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? 300-500 ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????.

?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? 30-40 ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 15% ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? (VCI). ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ADC12 ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? CIF ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? 18 ??? ????? ?????? — ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? FOB? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? CIF.

???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? CIF? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? Incoterms 2020 (ICC(C))? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? FOB ?? CIF ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??"?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????".

????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? FOB

??? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? FOB ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? "??????? ??? ???????".

1. ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????: ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? + ???? ????? + ??? VCI ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ISPM 15? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? 1001 ????? ?3 ????.
2. ????????? ????????: ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????/?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 150 ?300 ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? 40HQ ????? 1,800-2,800 ????.
3. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????: ????? ????? HS ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? 7616.99? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? 13%? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
4. ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? (VGM): ????? ???????? SOLAS? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? (VGM).
5. ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????: ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????.

?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? 4 ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? A356 ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? (VGM) ??? ??? 6 ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? 11 ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? FOB ????? VGM ??? 72 ???? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? FOB ?? CIF.

??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????:???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? 151 ?? ?? 3 ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????? (?????? ??????? ???????)? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????/????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? (?? ????? ??? ??????) ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????.

????? ?????: ?? ?? ???? FOB? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? "????? ????? ???? ????" — ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? THC ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 30 ?50%.

?????? ????? FOB ????????? ???? ??????? ???????

???? ???? ??????? FOB ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? 40HQ ????? ?????? 26 ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? (????? ????? ????? ???????) ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????-???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 2024 ????? ??????? ??? ???:

???? ????????	???? ?????? (???????? ????????)	??????
???? ????? ?????? ?????? (Ocean Freight)	$2,200 – $3,800	??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? PSS ???? ???? ??????
????? ??????? (ICC(A) - ??????? ??????)	$80 – $150	???? 0.1–0.251 TP3T ??? ???? ???? CIF
???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? + ???? ????? ????????	$380 – $520	?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ??????? + ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? (ISF)	$150 – $280	??????? ?????? ?? AMS ??? 24 ????
?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? (HTS 7616.99.51)	???? ??????? × 2.5% + 301 ????? 25%	????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? 301
??????? ??????? (?? ??????? ??? ????????)	$600 – $1,400	??? ??????? ????? ??????

??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????????: ??? ??? ????? FOB ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 1,850 ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 11,200? ??? ???? ?? 340 ??? ?? ??? ????? CIF ???? ???? ?????? — ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? 18 ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? FOB ?CIF"???????? ??? ???????? ???????" ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????.

????? ???: ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? 301 ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? HTS ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????.

????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? CIF

??????? ?????:???? ?? ???? CIF "???? ?????"? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? CIF ?? ??? ????? FOB ?CIF? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? — ??? ?? ??? ????????.

??????? ???????? ???????? CIF

• ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????
• ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? 3 ??????
• ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? 15%-20% ?????? ????????? ???????

????? ????? ???? (????? ??????? ?????)

?? ??? 2023? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? 12 ????? ????? ????? CIF ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???????: ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? (C)(ICC-C? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? WPA)? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (IUMI) ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? 14 ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? "??????? ??????? ?? ???????". ????? ???? ???????? ???????? $8,400? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? $0.

??????? ??????	??????? ??????	?????? ??????? ?? ??????
????? ??????? ???? THC ?ISPS ?DOC ?? ????? ??????	????? 40 ??? ????? ????? (40HQ) ????? ????? 1 ????? 20 ??? (TP) ?4 ?????? 40 ??? (T4) 450-700	????? ?? ????? "DTHC ?????"
?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? "???? ??????? ????????"	?????? ?? ?? ???: $80-150	??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? (Master B/L) ??????
?? ???? ??????? ?????? ICC(C) ??????? ???????????	???? ???? ????????? <20%	??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ICC(A)? ???? ??? ??????? ????? 0.151? ?? ???? ???????

?????? ???????? ??? FOB ? CIF ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????

??????????? ????????: ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? (Landed Cost) ????? ??? 31 ?81? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (BAF) ???? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????:??????? ????????? = ???? ??????? + ???? ????? ?????? + ??????? + ?????? ???????? + ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? + ??????? ??????? + ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? 40 ??? ????? ????? ?? 26 ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2024 ?? ??? ???:

???? ???????? (???????? ????????)	FOB ???????? → ??? ??????	CIF ???????? → ??? ??????	FOB ?????? → ???????	CIF ?????? → ???????
???? ??????? (??????? ??????????)	78,000	78,000	78,000	78,000
???? ????? ?????? + BAF	2,850 (???? ???????)	3,400 (????? ????? ?? ??? ??????)	3,100	3,650
??????? (ICC-A 0.18%)	145 (????? ????)	65 (???? ????? ??????? ICC-C)	145	65
???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????/??????? ???????	680	680	520	520
?????? ???????? (?????? ?????????? 2.5%-6%)	1,950	1,950	4,680 (????? ???? ?????? ???????)	4,680
?????? ??????? ???????	83,625	84,095	86,445	86,915

?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? FOB? ??? ??????? 470 ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? CIF? ??? ?????? ??? 6 ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? — ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? 280 ??????? ????????.????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? CIF ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? 5 ?????? ??????.

??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????: ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? 1.5% ?3%? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? CIF ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? FOB ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? (BAF)? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? 2023? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? BAF ?? ??? 18% ?25% ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? CIF ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? — ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????

????? ??????: ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? CIF ?? DAP ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? FOB ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? OEM ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? FCA ?? DDP? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? "?? ????? ??? ?????" ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? FOB ?CIF ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????.

?? ??? 2023? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? FOB ??? FCA ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? (OEM) ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? (NVOCC) ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 380 ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? 290 ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? (VGM) ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 121 ????? ??? 3 ???? ??? 21 ????? ??? 3 ????.

• FCA (????? ??????? ??? ??????): ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? (THC).
• DAP (??????? ?? ?????? ??????): ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????.
• DDP (????? ??? ??? ??????): ??????? ?????????? HS 7616.99 ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? 2.51? (TP3T+) ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? (DDP)? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????.

????? ??????? ICC Incoterms 2020.

??????? ???????

?????? 1: ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? CIF ?? ????? FOB ?CIF? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ICC(C)? ??? ???? ???? ??????? 110% ?? ??? CIF? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ICC(A)? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 0.08% ??? ????? 0.25%? ??? ?? ???? 30-60 ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (IUMI).

?????? 2: ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? CIF??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????— —???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 2023 ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? 17 ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? 60 ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.

?????? 3: ?? ???? ??? FOB ??????? ????? ?????????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? 13%? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????.

?????? 4: ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? Freightos Baltic Index? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 151 ????.