?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 581 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 7–15 ????? — ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? 3 ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??: ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 40%–65% ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????

???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 7 ?21 ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?500 ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????.

???? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? (CNC) ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? 40% ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 3 ??.

?? ??? 2023? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? AlSi10Mg ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? 8 ??? ?? ???? 11 ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? 62% ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? — ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? — ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????.

????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????

??????????? ????????: ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? 1–20 ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? 20–200 ????? ??? ???????? ?? 50–500 ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??: ???? ?????? ??????? ≈ ???? ???????? ??????? > ???? ?????? ????????? > ???? ??????.

?????? ?????? ???????	??????? ??????? ?? (?????? CT)	??????? ??????? Ra (????????)	???? ?????? ????? ??????	???????	????? ?????? (100 ????)
?? ?????	CT10–12	12.5–25	3.0 ??	10–14 ?????	180–350 ????
???? ??????????	CT5–7	3.2–6.3	1.5 ??	14–21 ?????	320–680 ????
?? ??????? ?????????	CT7–9	6.3–12.5	2.5 ??	15–25 ????? (??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????)	90–180 ????
???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????	CT6–8	1.6–3.2	0.8 ??	20–30 ?????	140–260 ????

????? ?? ??? 2023 ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????: ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 0.6 ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? 18%? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? 0.15 ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 97%. ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? 1%? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? T6 — ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? 1? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????.

??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? — ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? "?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????".

???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????

??????????? ????????: ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? A356 (??????? ??????? ?????? ZL101A / ASTM B108) ?????? ??????? ????????? ?ADC12 (??????? ?????? YL113 / JIS ADC12) ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?6061 (ASTM B221) ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? 7075 ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? — ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? CNC.

???????	???????? ????????	??? ???? (???? ??????)	?????? ??????	?????? ??????	?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????
A356-T6	ZL101A / AA A356	230–280	優(yōu)	良	?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????
ADC12	YL113 / JIS H5302	228	?????	差	??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? 3C
6061-T6	AA 6061 / GB 3190	310	優(yōu)	優(yōu)	????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????
7075-T6	AA 7075	572	?????	差	????? ??????? (??????? ??????)

??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????: ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ADC12 ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 480 ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? A356-T6 ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? 1000 ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? 12%. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? — ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????.

?????? ?????: ????? ADC12 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 1.5 ?3.51?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? A356 (???? ?????? ≤0.21?). ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? MatWeb ????? ?? A356.0 ?????? ????????? ?? 6061 ??????? ??? ??????? ????????.

??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????

????????? ??????:????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? 7 ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? 10 ??? 18 ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?5 ????.

1. ?????? ???????? ?????? DFM (??????? ????? ???????): ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? (????? ??? ???? ≥1.5°) ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ASM International ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? 70% ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? (DFM) ???????.
2. ??? ???????/??????? ??????? (????? 3–7): ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? + ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????.
3. ???? ???????: ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? A356 ?? ???? 700–720 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? DAS (??????? ??? ???????? ????????).
4. ???????? ???????? T6: ?????? ????? 535 ???? ????? × 6 ????? + ?????? ????????? 155 ???? ????? × 6 ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? 160 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 260 ???? ??????.
5. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? + ???????? ???????: ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ±0.05 ??.

???? ???????: ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????

????????? ??????:?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????/????? ??????? 30–45?? ????? ?????? 8–15?? ???????? ???????? ????? 25–35?? ????????? ??????? 5–12?? ??????????? ???????? 8–15?. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? 100 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 55–70?.

?????? ?????	???????? ?????? ???	????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???????? ????????)	???? ????? ?????? ???????
1–10 ????	?????? ??????? / ?????? ??????	180–650	40–55%
10–50 ????	???? ?? ????? ????? / ???? ?????????	85–220	25–35%
50–200 ????	???? ????????? / ???? ???????	35–95	12–20%

??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? A356? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 8 ??? ????? 412 ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 78 ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 60 ???? ???? — ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? LME ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? 2100 ?2800 ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????

??????????? ????????: ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????: ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????.

??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? 60%. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????:

• ????? ??????: ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ISO 9001? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? IATF 16949? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? AS9100. ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (IAF).
• ????? ????????: ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? (CMM) ???? ≤0.001 ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? (OES) ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????/??????????/??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????.
• ??????? ?????? ??????????: ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? (??? ????? ?? ????????)? ?????? ???????? ??: ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? GD&T? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? DFM ???? 24 ????.
• ????? ???? ??????? ???????: ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????.

?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? 18%? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? — ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? 0.3%? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????.

??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????

????????? ???????: ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??: — ???????? ???????? ??????? > ??????? ?? ??????? > ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? > ???????? ???????? ?????? > ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? FAI + ????? ??? ????? ????? 30/70 + ???? DDP? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? 80%.

???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????

????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? HS 7616.99 (?????? ????????? ??????) ?? 7604.29 (????? ?????????)? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? HTS ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (USITC). ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 5000 ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (T/T) ????? 30% ????? ????? + 70% ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? 20 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? (L/C at sight).

???? ????? ??????

?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? 120 ???? ?? ???????? A356 ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (????? ??? ????? IPPC)? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? 11 ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? 780 ????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? + ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 4% ??? ??? ?? 0.5%.

• ??? ?????? ?????? FAI: ??? ???? ??????? + ????? ???? ?????? + ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 48 ???? ?? ?????
• ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????: ???? ????? ??? SGS ?? BV ???? ????? ?? ??? 500 ?900 ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????
• ???? ???????: ????? ?????? DDP (????? ??? ????? ???? ???????)? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? EXW

??????? ???????

?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? 10 ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 50 ???? ?? ????.

?? ?? ??? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ?? 7 ??? 10 ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? (CNC) ?? 12 ??? 18 ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? 21 ??? 28 ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? 25–40?.

?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ExOne ?? voxeljet? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? 5 ??? 7 ????.

?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (WIPO) ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? 3 ??? 10 ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 2023 ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? 18 ??? ????? ??????.

??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?? ??????: ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? FAI? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? 3%? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????.