8 ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????

????? ?????:2026-04-23 ???????:??????? ??? ?????????:2088

????:

????? ????? ?? 8 ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????.

????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 2023? ???? ????? ???? ?? 6 ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? 231 ???????? 3 ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ... ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? 8 ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????.

?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????

???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????:????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????.. ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????.

  • ?? ??????:: ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????
  • ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ISO 9001? IATF 16949 ?? ??????.
  • ???? ?????:: ??? ????? 15% ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? + ??????? ??????
  • ???? ?????:: ????????? 100% ??? T/T? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
  • ????? ????? ???????:: ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? 15 ????? (????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? 30 ??? 45 ?????).
  • ????? ???????:: ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????
  • ?????? ?????? ?????????:: ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? PPAP ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? FAI ?? ?????? ?????
  • ????? ??????? ???????:: ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? NNN ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????

????? ???? ?? ??? 2022 ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? 37 ?????? ?????? ???? "????? ??"? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 6 ???? ??????? ???????? — ????? ???? ??? ?? 17%. ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? 3%-5% (???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????).

????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? "??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????": ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.

???? ????? ??? 8 ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????
???? ????? ??? 8 ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????

?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????

????????? ??????:?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? 60% "????" ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? (??????: ????? ????? Sofeast 2023)? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? "??? ??????" - ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? "?"? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? "?"? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.

?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? "???? ??????"? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? - ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????: ???? ????? ???? "20 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????" ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? (?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????)? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.

4 ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????:

  1. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????:: ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? "????" ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 5 ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? 30+? ??????? ???????? ?? "??????? ?????? ???????? ????????".
  2. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????:: ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? + ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? + ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????.
  3. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????:: ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 12 ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? 7325 (?????? ?????? ?????)? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
  4. ?????? ????? ??????? ????????:: ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? - ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 2013 ????? 800 ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???.

????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????

????? ????? ???????:???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? 90% ?? 30 ????? - ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? HS ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ISO. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????.

?????? 1: ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????(???? ????? ???????)? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?????: ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? "???? ???????? ?????" (??? ???? "??????? ?????????? ????????" 100% ?? ????)? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ≥ 5 ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???)? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? - ???? ?????! ???? ???? ??????? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? "0 ????? ???? ?????" ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????.

?????? ???????: ????? ?? ???? ImportGenius ?? 52wmb ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? HS 7325 (??? ?????? ?????) ?7326 (??? ??????? ???????). ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? "?????? ????"? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? 24 ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? HS 9403 (??????)? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????.

  • ?????? ?? ????? ISO:????? ??? ???? IAF CertSearch (iafcertsearch.org) ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? CNAS ?? UKAS? SGS? TüV? BV ?? ?????? ????? ??????
  • ???? ????????/????? ????? ?????:???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? 100,000 ???? "????" ??? ?????? ????? ?????!
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????:??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????

??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.

????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????
????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????

????? ????? ???????:?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? - ????? ?? 187 ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? 341 ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? (MTC? ????? ?????? ???????) ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? PS. ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? "????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????": ?????? ?? ?????? CNAS? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????

  • ???? ????? ?????? 9001 ISO 9001:: ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? PDF ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????!
  • ??????? ?? MTC????? ????? C ?? 0.45% ??? 0.25% "???????" ????? QT450-10 ????? ???????? QT450-10.
  • ??????? ?????? (OES) ?????? ??????? ?????? (OES) PS:: ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? Spectro? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????
  • ????? ????? ???????? ????????:: ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????/??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????

?????? 1: ????? ???????CNAS ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? CNAS ?????? ??????: ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? MTC ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? (??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? L). ?????? ???????: ??? ?????? ??? ????? ISO? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? "Certificate Check" ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? (??? SGS ?? TüV ?? BV) ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? (IAF) ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????.

????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? 2022? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? SGS ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ISO 14001 ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? 200 ??????? - ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????.

????? ?????: ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? "????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? MTC ± 0.02% ??? ??????? ????????"? ?????? SGS ?? Intertek ?? BV ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? 800-1500 ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????

????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????

????????? ??????:????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 151 ???????? 3 ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? - ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????.

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????:????? ?????? ≈ (????? ?????? × ????? ?????? 1.15 × 1.15) + ??????? ???? ????? (0.8-1.2 ¥/???) + ???? ??????? + ????? ??? ????????? (60-120 ??/????) + ???????? ???????? (1.5-3/???) + ???? ???????? + 15% ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? QT600 ???? 10 ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ¥ 85-110. ?? ???? ???? ???????? QT600 ???? 10 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? QT600 ?? ??? ????? ??? 85-110 ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? 70 ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.

??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? 30% ???????? ?? ??????: ???? ???????? ?????? ?? QT600 ???????? ?? ?? ?????? QT450? ????? ???? 78% ??? (????????? ???????? ??????? ≥ 80% ??????? ??????). ?? "??????? ???? ???????" ???? ??????:

  • ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????:: ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? 30%? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 60-70%? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????.
  • ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? 2-3 ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? HB50 ?? ????!
  • ???? ?????? "???? ?? ??????"??? CAD 8 ??? ???? 6.3 ??? ????? ????? 20%
  • ??? ?????? UT/MT ??? ??????: ????? ?????? ASTM E446? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 100% ??????? ?? ??????

???????? ?????: ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? (LME) ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? 20%.

???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????
???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????

???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????

??????????? ????????:: ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? 421 ???????? 3 ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? - ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????

  • ??? ????? ?????? 100%????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? 30/70 (????? 30% ???? ???????? ?70% ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????) ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? L/C ???? 90 ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.
  • ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? - ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????.
  • ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 2022? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? "????? ????????? ???????" ??? 48 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? BEC (?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????)? ??? ????? 87,000 ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????????? ?????.
  • ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? Alibaba Trade Assurance ??? ??? ???? alibaba.com? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? "escrow-china.net" ?? ????? ???? ???????.

???? ????? ????? ?????

  1. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? (???????? ????????) ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????.
  2. ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? T/T ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.
  3. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? + ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???.
  4. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? DMARC/SPF ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????.
  5. ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? 50,000 ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? (???????) ??? ??????? ????????? ???????

???? ????? ??????: ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? 15-25%? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????.

????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????

????? ??????: ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? "15 ????? ???????? ?25 ????? ??????? ???????? ?30 ????? ??????? ????? ?? 5000 ????"? ??? ??? ??? - ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????: ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? 7-15 ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? 15-30 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? FAI ?? 7-10 ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? 20-45 ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ( ???????? ????????? ????????) ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? 15-20 ?????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? DN300 ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? 75-90 ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? 60 ????? ????? ????? ???.

???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????:??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? (3 ????? ????? ?? 8 ?????)???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? 2022? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2022? ??? ?????? ?????? 200 ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? WCB ?? 45 ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? "??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? 30 ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 18%" - ??????? ????? ????? ????????.

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????:

  • ???? ??????? ??? ??????? (WIP):: ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.
  • ?????? ????? ???????:: ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? × ??? ????? ?????? × ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????
  • ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (OTD):: ????? ?????? OTD ???? 12 ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ≥85%

????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? 88%? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? 75% ?????? ???? ???????.

?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????

????? ??????:: ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? DFM (??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????) ?? ???? 24 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? "?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??"? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????! --??????? ??????????

??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????: ??? 12 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (??? ?????? 3 ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? R0.5? ?? ????? ???? ???????)?????? ????????). ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 4 ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? R2 + ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? - ?? ?? 3 ???? ????? ??? ???. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????: ??? ????? ???? ??? 4 ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 92%? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 8 ????? ??????? ????? 67% ???.

???? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???: gas porosity (???????? ???????)? shrinkage cavity (????? ????????)? slag inclusion (????? ?????)? cold shut (???????? ??????)? misrun (??? ????). ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ASTM A802 (????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????)? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? (AFS) ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????.

6 ????? ??? ?????? ?????????:

  1. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???
  2. ??????? ???? ?????? (??? ???? ?????? QT600-3)? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????
  3. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? PPAP ?????? ?????? (????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????) ???? ???? ????????
  4. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? 8D ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????
  5. ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????
  6. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????

?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? - ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? "??? ????? ?????". ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 10,000 ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.

??????X???????????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????復鏈接